The mediating role of psychological well-being: Job stress on turnover intention
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Abstract
This study aims to examine the effect of job stress on turnover intention with psychological well-being as a mediating variable. A quantitative approach is used with PLS-SEM analysis techniques. Data was obtained through a questionnaire that included three main constructs, namely job stress, psychological well-being, and turnover intention with a total sample of 65 employees. The results prove that job stress has a positive and significant effect on turnover intention, as well as a significant negative effect on psychological well-being. Psychological well-being was also found to have a significant negative effect on turnover intention. In addition, the results showed that psychological well-being significantly mediated the influence of job stress on the intention to leave work. These findings confirm the importance of organizational interventions in managing job stress and improving psychological well-being to reduce the risk of turnover intention
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How to Cite
Wirtadipura, D., Alfarizi, A. W., & Wijaya, P. (2025). The mediating role of psychological well-being: Job stress on turnover intention. Enrichment : Journal of Management, 15(2), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v15i2.2257
References
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Akbari, J., Akbari, R., Shakerian, M., & Mahaki, B. (2017). Job demand-control and job stress at work: A cross-sectional study among prison staff. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_68_14
Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Afsar, B. (2022). Impact of psychological capital on mental health, readiness for organizational change, and job insecurity: hotel employees’ perspective in COVID-19. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2020-0116
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Blasco‐Belled, A., & Alsinet, C. (2022). The architecture of psychological well‐being: A network analysis study of the Ryff Psychological Well‐Being Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 63(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12795
Boulet, M. (2025). Include, care, reward and enhance to build a well-being HRM system based on perceived effectiveness and fairness of HRM practices. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-07-2024-0233
Čančer, V., & Šarotar Žižek, S. (2015). A Proposed Approach to the Assessment of Psychological Well-being in Organizations. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9308-4
De los Santos, J. A. A., & Labrague, L. J. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychological Well-Being and Turnover Intentions of Frontline Nurses in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Philippines. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20167411
Deloitte. (2024). When people thrive, business thrives. Deloitte Latvia. https://www.deloitte.com/lv/en/about/press-room/deloitte-2024-global-human-capital-trends.html
Dodanwala, T. C., Santoso, D. S., & Yukongdi, V. (2023). Examining work role stressors, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention of Sri Lanka’s construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(15), 2583–2592. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2080931
Ferdinand, A. T. (2014). Metode Penelitian Manajemen : Pedoman Penelitian untuk Penulisan Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi Ilmu Manajemen. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Fong, L. H. N., Chui, P. M. W., Cheong, I. S. C., & Fong, D. K. C. (2018). Moderating effects of social support on job stress and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(7), 795–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1446862
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hameed, I., Ijaz, M. U., & Sabharwal, M. (2022). The Impact of Human Resources Environment and Organizational Identification on Employees’ Psychological Well-Being. Public Personnel Management, 51(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260211001397
Hardjanti, I. W., Dewanto, A., & Noermijati, N. (2017). Influence of Quality of Work Life towards Psychological Well-Being and Turnover Intention of Nurses and Midwives in Hospital. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 12(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v12i1.1144
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of Resources Theory: Its Implication for Stress, Health, and Resilience. In The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127-).
Jeong, J.-G., Kang, S.-W., & Choi, S. B. (2020). Employees’ Weekend Activities and Psychological Well-Being via Job Stress: A Moderated Mediation Role of Recovery Experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051642
Kim, H.-K., Seo, J.-H., & Park, C.-H. (2022). The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy and Coping Strategy in Relation to Job Stress and Psychological Well-Being of Home-Visiting Care Workers for Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912164
Krishnan, S., & Rathakrishnan, B. (2025). Psychosocial factors contributing to turnover intention among employees in the hospitality industry: a systematic review. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07550-3
Labrague, L. J., McEnroe‐Petitte, D. M., Leocadio, M. C., Van Bogaert, P., & Cummings, G. G. (2018). Stress and ways of coping among nurse managers: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(7–8), 1346–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14165
Legate, A. E., Hair, J. F., Chretien, J. L., & Risher, J. J. (2023). PLS-SEM: Prediction-oriented solutions for HRD researchers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21466
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Loon, M., Otaye-Ebede, L., & Stewart, J. (2019). The paradox of employee psychological well-being practices: an integrative literature review and new directions for research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(1), 156–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1479877
Nam, S., Wong, J. Y. H., Wang, T., An, B., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2024). Psychological distress as a mediator between workplace violence and turnover intention with caring for patients with COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1321957
Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 31(2), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1304463
Nimon, K., Shuck, B., Fulmore, J., & Zigarmi, D. (2023). Testing the redundancy between work engagement and job attitudes: A replication and extension of the affective events theory in human resource development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21464
Peccei, R., & Van De Voorde, K. (2019). Human resource management–well‐being–performance research revisited: Past, present, and future. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(4), 539–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12254
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
Prapanjaroensin, A., Patrician, P. A., & Vance, D. E. (2017). Conservation of resources theory in nurse burnout and patient safety. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(11), 2558–2565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13348
Salama, W., Abdou, A. H., Mohamed, S. A. K., & Shehata, H. S. (2022). Impact of Work Stress and Job Burnout on Turnover Intentions among Hotel Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159724
Schwarzer, R., & Reuter, T. (2023). Manage Stress at Work Through Preventive and Proactive Coping. In Principles of Organizational Behavior (pp. 463–482). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394320769.ch23
Takase, M. (2010). A concept analysis of turnover intention: Implications for nursing management. Collegian, 17(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.05.001
Vuori, V., Helander, N., & Okkonen, J. (2019). Digitalization in knowledge work: the dream of enhanced performance. Cognition, Technology & Work, 21(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0501-3
Wong, K. F. E., & Cheng, C. (2020). The Turnover Intention–Behaviour Link: A Culture‐Moderated Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 57(6), 1174–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12520
Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
Yoo, D. Y. (2023). The Hospitality Stress Matrix: Exploring Job Stressors and Their Effects on Psychological Well-Being. Sustainability, 15(17), 13116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713116
Yuniasanti, R., Binti Abas, N. A. H., & Hamzah, H. (2019). Employee turnover intention among Millennials: The role of psychological well-being and experienced workplace incivility. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 16(2), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v16i2.12544
Akbari, J., Akbari, R., Shakerian, M., & Mahaki, B. (2017). Job demand-control and job stress at work: A cross-sectional study among prison staff. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_68_14
Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Afsar, B. (2022). Impact of psychological capital on mental health, readiness for organizational change, and job insecurity: hotel employees’ perspective in COVID-19. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2020-0116
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Blasco‐Belled, A., & Alsinet, C. (2022). The architecture of psychological well‐being: A network analysis study of the Ryff Psychological Well‐Being Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 63(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12795
Boulet, M. (2025). Include, care, reward and enhance to build a well-being HRM system based on perceived effectiveness and fairness of HRM practices. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-07-2024-0233
Čančer, V., & Šarotar Žižek, S. (2015). A Proposed Approach to the Assessment of Psychological Well-being in Organizations. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9308-4
De los Santos, J. A. A., & Labrague, L. J. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychological Well-Being and Turnover Intentions of Frontline Nurses in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Philippines. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20167411
Deloitte. (2024). When people thrive, business thrives. Deloitte Latvia. https://www.deloitte.com/lv/en/about/press-room/deloitte-2024-global-human-capital-trends.html
Dodanwala, T. C., Santoso, D. S., & Yukongdi, V. (2023). Examining work role stressors, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention of Sri Lanka’s construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(15), 2583–2592. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2080931
Ferdinand, A. T. (2014). Metode Penelitian Manajemen : Pedoman Penelitian untuk Penulisan Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi Ilmu Manajemen. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Fong, L. H. N., Chui, P. M. W., Cheong, I. S. C., & Fong, D. K. C. (2018). Moderating effects of social support on job stress and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(7), 795–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1446862
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hameed, I., Ijaz, M. U., & Sabharwal, M. (2022). The Impact of Human Resources Environment and Organizational Identification on Employees’ Psychological Well-Being. Public Personnel Management, 51(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260211001397
Hardjanti, I. W., Dewanto, A., & Noermijati, N. (2017). Influence of Quality of Work Life towards Psychological Well-Being and Turnover Intention of Nurses and Midwives in Hospital. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 12(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v12i1.1144
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of Resources Theory: Its Implication for Stress, Health, and Resilience. In The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127-).
Jeong, J.-G., Kang, S.-W., & Choi, S. B. (2020). Employees’ Weekend Activities and Psychological Well-Being via Job Stress: A Moderated Mediation Role of Recovery Experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051642
Kim, H.-K., Seo, J.-H., & Park, C.-H. (2022). The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy and Coping Strategy in Relation to Job Stress and Psychological Well-Being of Home-Visiting Care Workers for Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912164
Krishnan, S., & Rathakrishnan, B. (2025). Psychosocial factors contributing to turnover intention among employees in the hospitality industry: a systematic review. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07550-3
Labrague, L. J., McEnroe‐Petitte, D. M., Leocadio, M. C., Van Bogaert, P., & Cummings, G. G. (2018). Stress and ways of coping among nurse managers: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(7–8), 1346–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14165
Legate, A. E., Hair, J. F., Chretien, J. L., & Risher, J. J. (2023). PLS-SEM: Prediction-oriented solutions for HRD researchers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21466
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Loon, M., Otaye-Ebede, L., & Stewart, J. (2019). The paradox of employee psychological well-being practices: an integrative literature review and new directions for research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(1), 156–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2018.1479877
Nam, S., Wong, J. Y. H., Wang, T., An, B., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2024). Psychological distress as a mediator between workplace violence and turnover intention with caring for patients with COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1321957
Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 31(2), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1304463
Nimon, K., Shuck, B., Fulmore, J., & Zigarmi, D. (2023). Testing the redundancy between work engagement and job attitudes: A replication and extension of the affective events theory in human resource development. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21464
Peccei, R., & Van De Voorde, K. (2019). Human resource management–well‐being–performance research revisited: Past, present, and future. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(4), 539–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12254
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
Prapanjaroensin, A., Patrician, P. A., & Vance, D. E. (2017). Conservation of resources theory in nurse burnout and patient safety. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(11), 2558–2565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13348
Salama, W., Abdou, A. H., Mohamed, S. A. K., & Shehata, H. S. (2022). Impact of Work Stress and Job Burnout on Turnover Intentions among Hotel Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159724
Schwarzer, R., & Reuter, T. (2023). Manage Stress at Work Through Preventive and Proactive Coping. In Principles of Organizational Behavior (pp. 463–482). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394320769.ch23
Takase, M. (2010). A concept analysis of turnover intention: Implications for nursing management. Collegian, 17(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.05.001
Vuori, V., Helander, N., & Okkonen, J. (2019). Digitalization in knowledge work: the dream of enhanced performance. Cognition, Technology & Work, 21(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0501-3
Wong, K. F. E., & Cheng, C. (2020). The Turnover Intention–Behaviour Link: A Culture‐Moderated Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 57(6), 1174–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12520
Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
Yoo, D. Y. (2023). The Hospitality Stress Matrix: Exploring Job Stressors and Their Effects on Psychological Well-Being. Sustainability, 15(17), 13116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713116
Yuniasanti, R., Binti Abas, N. A. H., & Hamzah, H. (2019). Employee turnover intention among Millennials: The role of psychological well-being and experienced workplace incivility. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 16(2), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v16i2.12544