The effect of training and development on improving of performance with competence as a mediating variable
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Abstract
Currently, people live in a globalized environment with significant changes, especially digital technology that change how an organization provides work and the human resource management process in the organization. Generation x is experiencing significant changes in technology that affect them to adapt to the digital era. This study aims to determine the impact of training and development on improving the performance quality of Generation X employees in the West Kalimantan Provincial Government with competence as mediation. Data is presented and analyzed using quantitative methods, and the number of samples is 234 respondents. The questionnaire in this study used a five-point Likert scale (1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly agree); the questionnaire was distributed online and offline. The analysis in this study was carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method through AMOS 24. The findings from this research suggest that training and development have a positive and significant effect on employee performance with intermediary competencies.
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How to Cite
Pangestika, P., Daud, I., Juniwati, J., Fauzan, R., & Fitriana, A. (2023). The effect of training and development on improving of performance with competence as a mediating variable. Enrichment : Journal of Management, 13(5), 3052-3065. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v13i5.1743
References
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Armstrong, M. B., & Landers, R. N. (2018). Gamification of employee training and development. International Journal of Training and Development, 22(2), 162–169.
Ast, J., & Nyhuis, P. (2022). Approach for determining functional flexibility of the workforce based on training losses and employee specific risks. Procedia CIRP, 107, 839–844.
Atan, J. bin, & Mahmood, N. (2019). The role of transformational leadership style in enhancing employees’ competency for organization performance. Management Science Letters, 9(13), 2191–2200.
Balouei Jamkhaneh, H., Shahin, A., Parkouhi, S. V., & Shahin, R. (2022). The new concept of quality in the digital era: a human resource empowerment perspective. The TQM Journal, 34(1), 125–144.
Bejtkovský, J., Rózsa, Z., & Mulyaningsih, H. D. (2018). A phenomenon of digitalization and E-recruitment in business environment. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 18(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2018.18.1.05
Bhatti, M. K., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Predictive power of training design on employee performance: an empirical approach in Pakistan’s health sector. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(8), 3792–3808.
Bhatti, M. K., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2023). Training characteristics and employees’ performance among the nurses in Pakistan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(3), 625–641.
BKD. (2023). Data Kepegawaian Juni 2023. Https://Kalbarprov.Go.Id/Page/Statistik-Kepegawaian.
Cabral, C., & Dhar, R. L. (2019). Green competencies: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 235, 887–900.
Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S.-A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees—Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086.
Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.001
Dimock, M. (n.d.). millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/ Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where
Dirani, K. M., Abadi, M., Alizadeh, A., Barhate, B., Garza, R. C., Gunasekara, N., Ibrahim, G., & Majzun, Z. (2020). Leadership competencies and the essential role of human resource development in times of crisis: a response to Covid-19 pandemic. Human Resource Development International, 23(4), 380–394.
Elayan, M. B., Hayajneh, J. A. M., Abdellatif, M. A. M., & Abubakar, A. M. (2023). Knowledge-based HR practices, π-shaped skills and innovative performance in the contemporary organizations. Kybernetes, 52(9), 3102–3118.
Elsafty, A., & Oraby, M. (2022). The impact of training on employee retention: An empirical research on the private sector in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Management, 17(5), 58–74.
Fenech, R., Baguant, P., & Ivanov, D. (2019). The changing role of human resource management in an era of digital transformation. Journal of Management Information & Decision Sciences, 22(2).
Fouad, N. A., Hatcher, R. L., & McCutcheon, S. (2022). Introduction to the special issue on competency in training and education. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(2), 109.
Garzón-Artacho, E., Sola-Martínez, T., Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., & Gómez-García, G. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions of digital competence at the lifelong learning stage. Heliyon, 7(7).
Gull, S., & Idrees, H. (2022). Green training and organizational efficiency: mediating role of green competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 105–119.
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., & Garcia, R. L. F. (2022). Top management green commitment and green intellectual capital as enablers of hotel environmental performance: The mediating role of green human resource management. Tourism Management, 88, 104431.
Hawgood, J., Woodward, A., Quinnett, P., & De Leo, D. (2022). Gatekeeper training and minimum standards of competency: Essentials for the suicide prevention workforce. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 43(6), 516.
Hecklau, F., Galeitzke, M., Flachs, S., & Kohl, H. (2016). Holistic approach for human resource management in Industry 4.0. Procedia Cirp, 54, 1–6.
Ibrahim, R., Boerhannoeddin, A., & Bakare, K. K. (2017). The effect of soft skills and training methodology on employee performance. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(4), 388–406.
Ismail, A. A., Corrada Bravo, H., & Feizi, S. (2021). Improving deep learning interpretability by saliency guided training. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 34, 26726–26739.
Kareem, M. A., & Hussein, I. J. (2019). The impact of human resource development on employee performance and organizational effectiveness. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 7(3/25), 307–322.
Karim, M. M., Choudhury, M. M., & Latif, W. Bin. (2019). The impact of training and development on employees’ performance: an analysis of quantitative data. Noble International Journal of Business and Management Research, 3(2), 25–33.
Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2021). Marketing 5.0: Technology for humanity. John Wiley & Sons.
Lee, Y. L. A., Malik, A., Rosenberger, P. J., & Sharma, P. (2020). Demystifying the differences in the impact of training and incentives on employee performance: mediating roles of trust and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(8), 1987–2006. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2020-0309
Lıtınska, O., Ryzhenko, I., Sımontseva, L., Pravotorova, O., Lıen, T., & Novak, N. (2022). Developing Legal Competence in Junior Bachelors: Prospects of Distance Learning. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 14(4), 353–371.
Lynn, B. E. (1998). Performance evaluation in the new economy: bringing the measurement and evaluation of intellectual capital into the management planning and control system. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(1–3), 162–176.
Mahmood, R., Hee, O. C., Yin, O. S., & Hamli, M. S. H. (2018). The mediating effects of employee competency on the relationship between training functions and employee performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(7), 664–676.
Maltseva, K. (2020). Wearables in the workplace: The brave new world of employee engagement. Business Horizons, 63(4), 493–505.
Maqbool, R., Rashid, Y., Altuwaim, A., Shafiq, M. T., & Oldfield, L. (2023). Coping with skill shortage within the UK construction industry: Scaling up training and development systems. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 102396.
Martins, P. S. (2021). Employee training and firm performance: Evidence from ESF grant applications. Labour Economics, 72, 102056.
Martí-Parreño, J., Galbis-Córdova, A., & Currás-Pérez, R. (2021). Teachers’ beliefs about gamification and competencies development: A concept mapping approach. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 58(1), 84–94.
Mazurchenko, A., & Maršíková, K. (2019). Digitally-powered human resource management: Skills and roles in the digital era. Acta Informatica Pragensia, 8(2), 72–87.
Meher, J. R., Nayak, L., Mishra, R. K., & Patel, G. (2022). Impact of organizational learning culture on organizational effectiveness: a serial mediation analysis with knowledge sharing and employee competencies. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems.
Mehreen, A., & Ali, Z. (2022). The interplay between employee development factors and succession planning in predicting employee performance: evidence from retail banks. Industrial and Commercial Training, 54(3), 528–543.
Mihardjo, L. W. W., Jermsittiparsert, K., Ahmed, U., Chankoson, T., & Iqbal Hussain, H. (2020). Impact of key HR practices (human capital, training and rewards) on service recovery performance with mediating role of employee commitment of the Takaful industry of the Southeast Asian region. Education+ Training, 63(1), 1–21.
Mungou, P. C., & Chumo, S. C. (2023). Human Resource Training Process on Employee Performance in Trans Nzoia County Government, Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.61108/ijsshr.v1i1.24
Nkansah, D., Gyimah, R., Kwasi Annan, J., & Agyemfour-Agyemang Sarpong, D. (2023). The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance in Ghana’s MSMEs Sector During Covid-19. In Journal of Social Science (Vol. 04, Issue 03).
Ognjanović, J., Krstić, B., & Popović, S. (2023). Employee training and hotel business performance: The moderating effect of organizational commitment. Hotel and Tourism Management, 11(1), 95–112.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2019a). Human resource development (HRD) practices and banking industry effectiveness: The mediating role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(3/4), 250–271.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2019b). Human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational performance: The mediating role of employee competencies. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(5), 949–970.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2020). Measuring the impact of human resource management (HRM) practices on pharmaceutical industry’s effectiveness: the mediating role of employee competencies. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(6), 1353–1380.
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018a). Influence of human resource development (HRD) practices on hotel industry’s performance: The role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7–8), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2017-0113
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018b). Measuring the impact of human resource development (HRD) practices on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprises. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7/8), 517–534.
Pham, H., & Kim, S.-Y. (2019). The effects of sustainable practices and managers’ leadership competences on sustainability performance of construction firms. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 20, 1–14.
Qalby, L., & Rosnani, T. (n.d.). PENGARUH KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN KEPUASAN KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL MEDIASI. MBIC-Journal Confrence, 1(6), 788–803.
Roscoe, S., Subramanian, N., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Chong, T. (2019). Green human resource management and the enablers of green organisational culture: Enhancing a firm’s environmental performance for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(5), 737–749.
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Sattar, M. U., Palaniappan, S., Lokman, A., Hassan, A., Shah, N., & Riaz, Z. (2019). Effects of virtual reality training on medical students’ learning motivation and competency. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(3), 852.
Sendawula, K., Nakyejwe Kimuli, S., Bananuka, J., & Najjemba Muganga, G. (2018). Training, employee engagement and employee performance: Evidence from Uganda’s health sector. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1470891.
Sherifah, N. K., Osunsan, O. K., Tom, M., & Sarah, N. (2022). Effect of training and development on employee performance at Uganda Wildlife Authority. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom. X (7), 41–51.
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Sriviboon, C., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2019). Influence of Human Resource Practices on Thai Pharmaceutical firm Performance with moderating role of Job Involvement. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 10(2).
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Armstrong, M. B., & Landers, R. N. (2018). Gamification of employee training and development. International Journal of Training and Development, 22(2), 162–169.
Ast, J., & Nyhuis, P. (2022). Approach for determining functional flexibility of the workforce based on training losses and employee specific risks. Procedia CIRP, 107, 839–844.
Atan, J. bin, & Mahmood, N. (2019). The role of transformational leadership style in enhancing employees’ competency for organization performance. Management Science Letters, 9(13), 2191–2200.
Balouei Jamkhaneh, H., Shahin, A., Parkouhi, S. V., & Shahin, R. (2022). The new concept of quality in the digital era: a human resource empowerment perspective. The TQM Journal, 34(1), 125–144.
Bejtkovský, J., Rózsa, Z., & Mulyaningsih, H. D. (2018). A phenomenon of digitalization and E-recruitment in business environment. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 18(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2018.18.1.05
Bhatti, M. K., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Predictive power of training design on employee performance: an empirical approach in Pakistan’s health sector. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(8), 3792–3808.
Bhatti, M. K., Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2023). Training characteristics and employees’ performance among the nurses in Pakistan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(3), 625–641.
BKD. (2023). Data Kepegawaian Juni 2023. Https://Kalbarprov.Go.Id/Page/Statistik-Kepegawaian.
Cabral, C., & Dhar, R. L. (2019). Green competencies: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 235, 887–900.
Davidescu, A. A., Apostu, S.-A., Paul, A., & Casuneanu, I. (2020). Work flexibility, job satisfaction, and job performance among Romanian employees—Implications for sustainable human resource management. Sustainability, 12(15), 6086.
Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.001
Dimock, M. (n.d.). millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/ Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where
Dirani, K. M., Abadi, M., Alizadeh, A., Barhate, B., Garza, R. C., Gunasekara, N., Ibrahim, G., & Majzun, Z. (2020). Leadership competencies and the essential role of human resource development in times of crisis: a response to Covid-19 pandemic. Human Resource Development International, 23(4), 380–394.
Elayan, M. B., Hayajneh, J. A. M., Abdellatif, M. A. M., & Abubakar, A. M. (2023). Knowledge-based HR practices, π-shaped skills and innovative performance in the contemporary organizations. Kybernetes, 52(9), 3102–3118.
Elsafty, A., & Oraby, M. (2022). The impact of training on employee retention: An empirical research on the private sector in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Management, 17(5), 58–74.
Fenech, R., Baguant, P., & Ivanov, D. (2019). The changing role of human resource management in an era of digital transformation. Journal of Management Information & Decision Sciences, 22(2).
Fouad, N. A., Hatcher, R. L., & McCutcheon, S. (2022). Introduction to the special issue on competency in training and education. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(2), 109.
Garzón-Artacho, E., Sola-Martínez, T., Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., & Gómez-García, G. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions of digital competence at the lifelong learning stage. Heliyon, 7(7).
Gull, S., & Idrees, H. (2022). Green training and organizational efficiency: mediating role of green competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 105–119.
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., & Garcia, R. L. F. (2022). Top management green commitment and green intellectual capital as enablers of hotel environmental performance: The mediating role of green human resource management. Tourism Management, 88, 104431.
Hawgood, J., Woodward, A., Quinnett, P., & De Leo, D. (2022). Gatekeeper training and minimum standards of competency: Essentials for the suicide prevention workforce. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 43(6), 516.
Hecklau, F., Galeitzke, M., Flachs, S., & Kohl, H. (2016). Holistic approach for human resource management in Industry 4.0. Procedia Cirp, 54, 1–6.
Ibrahim, R., Boerhannoeddin, A., & Bakare, K. K. (2017). The effect of soft skills and training methodology on employee performance. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(4), 388–406.
Ismail, A. A., Corrada Bravo, H., & Feizi, S. (2021). Improving deep learning interpretability by saliency guided training. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 34, 26726–26739.
Kareem, M. A., & Hussein, I. J. (2019). The impact of human resource development on employee performance and organizational effectiveness. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 7(3/25), 307–322.
Karim, M. M., Choudhury, M. M., & Latif, W. Bin. (2019). The impact of training and development on employees’ performance: an analysis of quantitative data. Noble International Journal of Business and Management Research, 3(2), 25–33.
Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2021). Marketing 5.0: Technology for humanity. John Wiley & Sons.
Lee, Y. L. A., Malik, A., Rosenberger, P. J., & Sharma, P. (2020). Demystifying the differences in the impact of training and incentives on employee performance: mediating roles of trust and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(8), 1987–2006. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2020-0309
Lıtınska, O., Ryzhenko, I., Sımontseva, L., Pravotorova, O., Lıen, T., & Novak, N. (2022). Developing Legal Competence in Junior Bachelors: Prospects of Distance Learning. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 14(4), 353–371.
Lynn, B. E. (1998). Performance evaluation in the new economy: bringing the measurement and evaluation of intellectual capital into the management planning and control system. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(1–3), 162–176.
Mahmood, R., Hee, O. C., Yin, O. S., & Hamli, M. S. H. (2018). The mediating effects of employee competency on the relationship between training functions and employee performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(7), 664–676.
Maltseva, K. (2020). Wearables in the workplace: The brave new world of employee engagement. Business Horizons, 63(4), 493–505.
Maqbool, R., Rashid, Y., Altuwaim, A., Shafiq, M. T., & Oldfield, L. (2023). Coping with skill shortage within the UK construction industry: Scaling up training and development systems. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 102396.
Martins, P. S. (2021). Employee training and firm performance: Evidence from ESF grant applications. Labour Economics, 72, 102056.
Martí-Parreño, J., Galbis-Córdova, A., & Currás-Pérez, R. (2021). Teachers’ beliefs about gamification and competencies development: A concept mapping approach. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 58(1), 84–94.
Mazurchenko, A., & Maršíková, K. (2019). Digitally-powered human resource management: Skills and roles in the digital era. Acta Informatica Pragensia, 8(2), 72–87.
Meher, J. R., Nayak, L., Mishra, R. K., & Patel, G. (2022). Impact of organizational learning culture on organizational effectiveness: a serial mediation analysis with knowledge sharing and employee competencies. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems.
Mehreen, A., & Ali, Z. (2022). The interplay between employee development factors and succession planning in predicting employee performance: evidence from retail banks. Industrial and Commercial Training, 54(3), 528–543.
Mihardjo, L. W. W., Jermsittiparsert, K., Ahmed, U., Chankoson, T., & Iqbal Hussain, H. (2020). Impact of key HR practices (human capital, training and rewards) on service recovery performance with mediating role of employee commitment of the Takaful industry of the Southeast Asian region. Education+ Training, 63(1), 1–21.
Mungou, P. C., & Chumo, S. C. (2023). Human Resource Training Process on Employee Performance in Trans Nzoia County Government, Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) ISSN 2959-7056 (o); 2959-7048 (p), 1(1). https://doi.org/10.61108/ijsshr.v1i1.24
Nkansah, D., Gyimah, R., Kwasi Annan, J., & Agyemfour-Agyemang Sarpong, D. (2023). The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance in Ghana’s MSMEs Sector During Covid-19. In Journal of Social Science (Vol. 04, Issue 03).
Ognjanović, J., Krstić, B., & Popović, S. (2023). Employee training and hotel business performance: The moderating effect of organizational commitment. Hotel and Tourism Management, 11(1), 95–112.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2019a). Human resource development (HRD) practices and banking industry effectiveness: The mediating role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(3/4), 250–271.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2019b). Human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational performance: The mediating role of employee competencies. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(5), 949–970.
Otoo, F. N. K. (2020). Measuring the impact of human resource management (HRM) practices on pharmaceutical industry’s effectiveness: the mediating role of employee competencies. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(6), 1353–1380.
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018a). Influence of human resource development (HRD) practices on hotel industry’s performance: The role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7–8), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2017-0113
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018b). Measuring the impact of human resource development (HRD) practices on employee performance in small and medium scale enterprises. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7/8), 517–534.
Pham, H., & Kim, S.-Y. (2019). The effects of sustainable practices and managers’ leadership competences on sustainability performance of construction firms. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 20, 1–14.
Qalby, L., & Rosnani, T. (n.d.). PENGARUH KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN KEPUASAN KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL MEDIASI. MBIC-Journal Confrence, 1(6), 788–803.
Roscoe, S., Subramanian, N., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Chong, T. (2019). Green human resource management and the enablers of green organisational culture: Enhancing a firm’s environmental performance for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(5), 737–749.
Rosnani, T., Heriyadi, H., & Yuniathi, L. (2019). PERAN KOMPETENSI HR PROFESSIONALS PADA KINERJA MANAJER UNIT PT PLN WILAYAH KALIMANTAN BARAT. Seminar Nasional Penerapan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi 2019.
Sattar, M. U., Palaniappan, S., Lokman, A., Hassan, A., Shah, N., & Riaz, Z. (2019). Effects of virtual reality training on medical students’ learning motivation and competency. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 35(3), 852.
Sendawula, K., Nakyejwe Kimuli, S., Bananuka, J., & Najjemba Muganga, G. (2018). Training, employee engagement and employee performance: Evidence from Uganda’s health sector. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1470891.
Sherifah, N. K., Osunsan, O. K., Tom, M., & Sarah, N. (2022). Effect of training and development on employee performance at Uganda Wildlife Authority. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom. X (7), 41–51.
Singh, S., & Swami, A. (2023). The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance: A Case Study of ABC Brands! In Management in Action (pp. 35–44). Routledge.
Souto, J. E., & Rodriguez-Lopez, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial learning in an experiential and competences training context: A business plan in Bachelor thesis. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 100513.
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